Table 1. Student ratings for pre - and post-test for the intervention group
Learning gain Intervention Group t or z p-value
Pre Post
M SE M SE
Self-administered questionnaires
Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) 31.14 0.33 32.09 0.43 2.39 0.02*
Empathy Quotient (EQ)            
Cognitive Empathy (CE) 10.45 0.33 10.23 0.41 -0.63 0.53
Emotional Reactivity (ER) 10.54 0.32 9.88 0.39 -1.96 0.05
Cognitive task            
Visuo-Spatial Perspective Taking (VSPT)
Right -0.86 0.68 -1.54 0.84 -0.96 0.34
Left -24.11 4.44 -11.05 2.10 3.87 0,0001*
Both -10.31 1.82 -13.01 4.38 -0.71 0.48
Privileged Knowledge (PK)
Medical stories 4.04 0.16 4.21 0.22 0.75 0.46
Daiy stories 3.30 0.19 3.00 0.27 -1.02 0.31
Pain intensity            
Pen pictures 0.93 0.12 0.92 0.16 -0.04 0.97
Needle pictures 2.87 0.19 2.92 0.26 0.21 0.84
Int J Med Educ. 2021; 12:205-218; doi: 10.5116/ijme.615e.c507