Table 2. Student ratings for pre- and post-tests for the control group
Learning gain Control Group t or z p- value
Pre Post
M SE M SE
Self-administered questionnaires
Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) 30.86 0.33 30.73 0.33 -0.39 0.70
Empathy Quotient (EQ)            
Cognitive Empathy (CE) 9.88 0.33 9.66 0.33 -0.71 0.48
Emotional Reactivity (ER) 10.68 0.31 10.22 0.31 -1.62 0.11
Cognitive task            
Visuo-Spatial Perspective Taking (VSPT)
Right -2.11 1.05 -1.40 0.79 1.02 0.31
Left -23.06 4.49 -10.99 1.70 3.39 0,0007*
Both -9.76 1.71 -12.28 2.89 -0.98 0.33
Privileged Knowledge (PK)            
Medical stories 3.99 0.16 3.92 0.16 -0.37 0.71
Daiy stories 3.45 0.20 3.40 0.20 -0.21 0.83
Pain intensity            
Pen pictures 1.15 0.12 1.06 0.12 -0.62 0.53
Needle pictures 2.90 0.19 2.90 0.20 0.01 0.99
Int J Med Educ. 2021; 12:205-218; doi: 10.5116/ijme.615e.c507