Table 2. Linear mixed effects analysis of supervisors' leadership styles and residents' job crafting
Job-crafting Fixed effects Random effects (adjusted per program) ICC % Goodness of fit
Transformational style Transactional style Laissez-faire style
b (95% CI) p b (95% CI) p b (95% CI) p Variance (SD, 95% CI) Residual (SD, 95% CI) p R2m R2C
Global job crafting 0.19 (0.08 - 0.32) 0.009 0.10 (-0.06 - 0.27) 0.21 0.07 (-0.01 - 0.17) 0.10 0.01 ± 0.11 (0.000 - 0.24) 0.12 ± 0.34 (0.30-0.39) 0.02 10.23 0.18 0.26
Increasing structural  resources 0.16 (0.04 - 0.29) 0.009 0.06 (-0.12 - 0.24) 0.50 - 0.10 (-0.20 - 0.005) 0.06 0.01 ± 0.11 (0.000 - 0.23) 0.14 ± 0.37 (0.32 -0.43) 0.04 8.22 0.15 0.22
Increasing social resources 0.20 (0.005 - 0.40) 0.04 0.19 (-0.09 - 0.48) 0.18 - 0.05 (-0.22 - 0.11) 0.51 0.05 ± 0.22 (0.03 - 0.45) 0.35 ± 0.59 (0.51 - 0.67) 0.007 12.88 0.09 0.21
Decreasing hindering demands 0.27 (0.06 - 0.47) 0.01 - 0.02 (-0.34 - 0.29) 0.88 0.37 (0.19 - 0.56) 0.0001 0.001 ± 0.03 (0.000 - 0.23) 0.46 ± 0.68 (0.59 - 0.76) 0.39 0.21 0.16 0.16
Increasing challenging demands 0.15 (-0.02 - 0.34) 0.09 0.22 (-0.02 - 0.49) 0.08 0.06 (-0.08 - 0.21) 0.39 0.05 (0.04 - 0.45) 0.29 ± 0.53 (0.46-0.61) 0.004 15.79 0.09 0.23

b = b estimate; SD= standard deviation; CI = confidence interval; R2m = marginal R squared; R2C = conditional R squared

ICC = interclass correlation for the random effect (ICC = variance (program) / (variance (program) + variance (residuals)))

p value: significance level of <0.05

 Int J Med Educ. 2022; 13:74-83; doi: 10.5116/ijme.622d.e2f6