Table 2. The difference of FD hours, receiving teaching award, students’ feedback and scholarly publication amount according to the research skill FD hours, teaching skill FD hours and total FD hours
FD type Variables Group (n) Mean ± SD t(df) p Cohen's d[95% CI]
Research skills Students’ feedback Personality trait GH (109) 51.01 ± 12.26 4.68 (222.74) <.001 0.60 [0.34, 0.86]
GL (124) 41.98 ± 17.01
Teaching skill GH (109) 50.68 ± 12.13 4.55 (222.14) <.001 0.58 [0.32, 0.85]
GL (124) 41.97 ± 16.96
Scholarly publication GH (157) 13.30 ± 22.51 0.78 (241) .436 0.15 [-0.07, 0.36]
GL (195) 10.58 ± 16.22
Teaching award winning GH (157) 9.19 ± 6.69 3.21 (350) .001 0.34 [0.13, 0.55]
GL (195) 6.95 ± 6.32
Teaching skills Students’ feedback Personality trait GH (100) 47.22± 15.22 0.95 (203) .344 0.13 [-0.14, 0.41]
GL (105) 45.13± 16.19
Teaching skill GH (100) 46.99 ± 15.10 0.99 (203) .324 0.14 [-0.13, 0.42]
GL (105) 44.80 ± 16.04
Scholarly publication GH (157) 12.63 ± 19.42 0.20 (236) .842 0.02 [-0.20, 0.23]
GL (181) 12.32 ± 17.81
Teaching award winning GH (157) 7.80 ± 6.67 1.41 (336) .158 0.15 [-0.06, 0.36]
GL (181) 6.77 ± 6.58
Total FD hours Students’ feedback Personality trait GH (106) 49.09 ± 13.93 3.30 (197.89) .001 0.48 [0.20, 0.76]
GL (91) 41.61 ± 17.40
Teaching skill GH (106) 48.81 ± 13.83 3.31 (172.26) .001 0.48 [0.19, 0.76]
GL (91) 41.38 ± 17.19
Scholarly publication GH (160) 14.72 ± 24.77 1.23 (225) .219 0.16 [-0.06, 0.38]
GL (157) 11.38 ± 16.14
Teaching award winning GH (160) 8.44 ± 6.72 2.95 (315) .003 0.32 [0.10, 0.54]
GL (157) 6.27 ± 6.35

FD: Faculty Development, GH: Higher-hours group, GL: Lower-hours group, SD: standard deviation, CI: confidence interval.

t(df) = independent-samples t statistic and degrees of freedom (Welch’sdf reported where variances were unequal). Cohen’s d reported with 95% confidence intervals.

 Int J Med Educ. 2025; 16:203-211; doi: 10.5116/ijme.693a.e41b