Table 2. Comparison of PPOS Total and Subscale Scores Between Experimental and Control Groups Before and After the Intervention
Variable Experimental group(n = 67)Median (IQR) Control group(n = 55)Median (IQR) p
First round      
Sharing 4.00 (3.50–4.31) 3.88 (3.50–4.13) .24
Caring 4.22 (3.89–4.62) 4.22 (4.00–4.56) .66
Total PPOS 4.12 (3.85–4.50) 4.06 (3.79–4.32) .47
Second round      
Sharing 4.00 (3.38–4.50) 3.88 (3.62–4.25) .44
Caring 4.33 (3.89–4.67) 4.33 (4.00–4.56) .98
Total PPOS 4.24 (3.76–4.53) 4.09 (3.88–4.29) .33
Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:77-89; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6a0d.902f