Table 3. Equivalence Analysis of PPOS total and subscale scores between experimental and control groups using the two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure (Δ = 0.5)
Variable Experimental groupMedian (IQR) Control groupMedian (IQR) 90% CI formean difference p (equivalence)
First round        
Sharing 4.00 (3.50–4.31) 3.88 (3.50–4.13) −0.32 to −0.07 < .001
Caring 4.22 (3.89–4.62) 4.22 (4.00–4.56) −0.21 to 0.09 < .001
Total PPOS 4.12 (3.85–4.50) 4.06 (3.79–4.32) −0.24 to 0.06 < .001
Second round        
Sharing 4.00 (3.38–4.50) 3.88 (3.62–4.25) −0.33 to −0.12 < .001
Caring 4.33 (3.89–4.67) 4.33 (4.00–4.56) −0.13 to 0.20 < .001
Total PPOS 4.24 (3.76–4.53) 4.09 (3.88–4.29) −0.20 to 0.14 < .001
Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:77-89; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6a0d.902f