Understanding Human Error through Everyday Failures	Reflective thinkingHuman factors awarenessSystems thinking	Pre-clinical students	Reflective writing and pair/group discussion on non-medicalfailure experiences	Formative: peer comments and group discussion notesSummative: participation check andpost-session reflection
Practicing IncidentReporting Based on Case Videos	Incident identificationReporting cultureUnderstanding reporting systems	Pre-clinical to earlyclinical students	Writing reports based on video cases and analyzing incident scenarios	Formative: peer feedback duringpresentationsSummative: teacher observation and post-session questionnaire
Root Cause Analysis Using SimulatedClinical Cases	Analytical reasoningTeamworkQuality improvementattitude	Clinical clerkship students	Root cause analysis using simplified frameworks and development of prevention strategies	Formative: facilitator feedback onreasoning processSummative: group report assessed with rubric
Conflict Management through Role-Playing with Simulated Patients	EmpathyConflict resolutionMediationVerbal and non-verbalcommunication	Students in clinical orpre-clinical yearsapproaching patient-facing roles	Structured role-play involving emotionally charged clinical scenarios	Formative: instructor feedback during role-playSummative: group self-assessment and individual reflective report
Themes	Subthemes	Number	Example quotes (translated)

Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:42-60; doi: 10.5116/ijme.69f0.78c6