| Variable | Korean M (SE) | Chinese M (SE) | t | df | p | p_FDR | Cohen's d [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Competence | .79 (.03) | .62 (.05) | 3.27 | 319 | = .001 | = .005 | 0.38 [0.15, 0.62] |
| Diversity | .34 (.03) | .38 (.05) | −0.72 | 319 | = .472 | = .614 | −0.08 [−0.32, 0.15] |
| Remuneration | .29 (.03) | .37 (.05) | −1.44 | 319 | = .152 | = .282 | −0.17 [−0.40, 0.06] |
| Stability | .38 (.03) | .40 (.05) | −0.36 | 319 | = .717 | = .847 | −0.04 [−0.27, 0.19] |
| Social recognition | .31 (.03) | .48 (.05) | −3.01 | 319 | = .003 | = .009 | −0.35 [−0.59, −0.12] |
| Leadership | .15 (.02) | .11 (.03) | 0.94 | 319 | = .347 | = .501 | 0.11 [−0.12, 0.34] |
| Collaboration | .42 (.03) | .20 (.04) | 4.05 | 319 | < .001 | < .001 | 0.48 [0.24, 0.71] |
| Social contribution | .56 (.03) | .55 (.05) | 0.24 | 319 | = .814 | = .882 | 0.03 [−0.20, 0.26] |
| Career development | .44 (.03) | .44 (.05) | −0.01 | 319 | = .995 | = .995 | 0.00 [−0.23, 0.23] |
| Creativity | .26 (.03) | .18 (.04) | 1.59 | 319 | = .114 | = .247 | 0.19 [−0.04, 0.42] |
| Autonomy | .21 (.03) | .16 (.04) | 0.97 | 319 | = .335 | = .501 | 0.11 [−0.12, 0.34] |
| Self-actualization | .60 (.03) | .50 (.05) | 1.75 | 319 | = .081 | = .210 | 0.21 [−0.03, 0.44] |
| Satisfaction with major | 4.36 (.05) | 1.89 (.07) | 27.66 | 318 | < .001 | < .001 | 3.26 [2.91, 3.60] |
Note. For the 12 inventory items, the values are endorsement proportions (1 = endorsed, 0 = not endorsed), and the standardized mean difference is interpreted as the standardized difference between two proportions. Satisfaction with the major was rated on a five-point scale. Positive t values indicate higher values in the Korean sample. The degrees of freedom for satisfaction with the major are 318 due to one missing response. p_FDR = p value after Benjamini–Hochberg correction across the 13 comparisons. CI = confidence interval.
Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:146-155; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6ac6.3280