Table 4. Logistic regression models of endorsement of self-actualization
Professional value Korean (n = 211) OR [95% CI] z p p_FDR Chinese (n = 110) OR [95% CI] z p p_FDR
Competence 1.86 [0.87, 3.99] 1.60 = .111 = .214 1.05 [0.37, 2.99] 0.09 = .929 = .929
Diversity 1.03 [0.50, 2.13] 0.08 = .937 = .937 0.52 [0.19, 1.46] −1.24 = .215 = .421
Remuneration 1.09 [0.51, 2.31] 0.22 = .824 = .906 0.90 [0.28, 2.92] −0.17 = .862 = .929
Stability 0.54 [0.25, 1.18] −1.54 = .123 = .214 0.32 [0.09, 1.15] −1.75 = .080 = .240
Social recognition 2.17 [0.96, 4.92] 1.86 = .063 = .214 3.30 [0.84, 12.97] 1.71 = .087 = .240
Leadership 0.80 [0.31, 2.12] −0.44 = .659 = .805 1.99 [0.28, 13.93] 0.69 = .489 = .686
Collaboration 1.76 [0.87, 3.58] 1.56 = .118 = .214 2.43 [0.57, 10.35] 1.20 = .229 = .421
Social contribution 1.86 [0.98, 3.53] 1.90 = .057 = .214 5.42 [1.93, 15.25] 3.20 = .001 = .015
Career development 1.59 [0.81, 3.11] 1.35 = .175 = .241 1.53 [0.45, 5.19] 0.68 = .499 = .686
Creativity 2.21 [1.01, 4.82] 1.99 = .046 = .214 0.74 [0.16, 3.31] −0.40 = .690 = .843
Autonomy 1.97 [0.81, 4.82] 1.49 = .136 = .214 4.55 [1.06, 19.55] 2.04 = .042 = .229

Note. Binary logistic regression with endorsement of self-actualization as the dependent variable and the 11 professional values entered simultaneously; separate models were fitted in each sample. OR = odds ratio; a value above 1 indicates higher odds of endorsing self-actualization among students who endorsed the value in question, holding the remaining 10 values constant. p_FDR = p value after Benjamini–Hochberg correction across the 11 coefficients within each sample. Linear probability models fitted to the same data are reported in the text as a sensitivity analysis. Korean model: χ²(11) = 41.90, p < .001, Nagelkerke R2 = .24. Chinese model: χ²(11) = 39.16, p < .001, Nagelkerke R2 = .40.

 Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:146-155; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6ac6.3280