Table 6. Differences in endorsement across the latent classes
Variable Korea χ²(1) p p_FDR Cramér's V China χ²(2) p p_FDR Cramér's V
Competence 26.61 < .001 < .001 .36 6.81 = .033 = .036 .25
Diversity 28.57 < .001 < .001 .37 5.13 = .077 = .077 .22
Remuneration 21.59 < .001 < .001 .32 23.84 < .001 < .001 .47
Stability 60.87 < .001 < .001 .54 37.39 < .001 < .001 .58
Social recognition 69.00 < .001 < .001 .57 77.50 < .001 < .001 .84
Leadership 30.20 < .001 < .001 .38 55.49 < .001 < .001 .71
Collaboration 54.88 < .001 < .001 .51 26.42 < .001 < .001 .49
Social contribution 16.24 < .001 < .001 .28 28.78 < .001 < .001 .51
Career development 59.14 < .001 < .001 .53 37.17 < .001 < .001 .58
Creativity 6.44 = .011 = .011 .17 34.07 < .001 < .001 .56
Autonomy 16.12 < .001 < .001 .28 18.62 < .001 < .001 .41
Self-actualization 17.06 < .001 < .001 .28 12.11 = .002 = .003 .33

Note. Chi-square tests of association between latent class membership and endorsement of each item. The comparisons for the 11 professional values are circular because the same items were used to estimate the latent class models; they are reported for descriptive purposes only. Self-actualization was not used in the estimation and is the only non-circular comparison. p_FDR = p-value after Benjamini–Hochberg correction across the 12 comparisons within each sample.

 Int J Med Educ. 2026; 17:146-155; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6ac6.3280