Table 2. Non-technical skills (NTS) and attitudes for simulation I (pre) and II (post)
Groups Pre/ post NTS Attitudes
Means SD Means SD
    Situation awareness Command roles and responsibilities
NTS group pre 1.17 ±0.50 3.23 ±0.50
post 1.47 ±0.48 3.24 ±0.43
Control group pre 1.18 ±0.43 3.23 ±0.34
post 1.33 ±0.58 3.38 ±0.44
    Team working Speaking up
NTS group pre 1.37 ±0.57 2.81 ±0.71
post 1.63 ±0.36 2.85 ±0.60
Control group pre 1.31 ±0.53 2.75 ±0.68
post 1.43 ±0.43 2.82 ±0.57
    Task management Debriefing
NTS group pre 1.40 ±0.65 3.71 ±0.40
post 1.50 ±0.52 3.57 ±0.52
Control group pre 1.30 ±0.56 3.56 ±0.53
post 1.43 ±0.54 3.59 ±0.54
    Decision making Feedback and critique
NTS group pre 0.90 ±0.58 3.63 ±0.54
post 1.15 ±0.48 3.58 ±0.76
Control group pre 0.85 ±0.58 3.59 ±0.56
post 1.15 ±0.49 3.76 ±0.50
      Realistic appraisal of stress
NTS group pre - - 2.76 ±0.86
post - - 2.88 ±0.82
Control group pre - - 2.74 ±0.59
post - - 2.54 ±0.84
        Denial of stress*
NTS group pre - - 1.92 ±0.99
post - - 1.78 ±0.95
Control group pre - - 1.81 ±0.78
post - - 1.79 ±0.91
        Handling errors
NTS group pre - - 2.49 ±0.87
post - - 2.70 ±0.69
Control group pre - - 2.76 ±0.63
post - - 2.87 ±0.56
        Teamwork
NTS group pre - - 2.70 ±0.63
post - - 2.51 ±0.69
Control group pre - - 2.71 ±0.64
post - - 2.60 ±0.69

Note: Scale for assessing NTS ranges from 0 to 3; and scale for assessing attitudes ranges from 0 to 4; *Low values indicate a positive attitude.

Int J Med Educ. 2017; 8:101-113; doi: 10.5116/ijme.58c1.9f0d