Table 1. Descriptive results on the item-level and Cronbach’s Alpha for the scales
Scale Item Mean SD α
Self-regulated learning: 5-point Likert25   2.93 1.04 0.81
ELPAS enabled me to arrange my learning time flexible. 3.76 1.23  
Due to the introduction of ELPAS, I dealt with the content more intensively than in a traditional lecture. 2.66 1.38  
Due to the introduction of ELPAS, I learned more independently than in a traditional lecture. 2.77 1.39  
Through ELPAS, I could monitor my learning progress easily. 2.51 1.21  
Reflection: 5-point Likert18     3.62 0.73 0.71
I sometimes question the way others do something and try to think of a better way. 2.68 1.21  
I like to think over what I have been doing and consider alternative ways of doing it. 3.96 0.92  
I often reflect on my actions to see whether I could have improved on what I did. 3.87 0.93  
I often reappraise my experience, so I can learn from it and improve for my next performance. 3.95 0.89  
Critical reflection: 5-point Likert18     2.35 0.87 0.77
As a result of this course, I have changed the way I look at myself. 2.34 1.17  
ELPAS has challenged some of my firmly held ideas. 2.23 1.14  
As a result of ELPAS, I have changed my normal way of doing things. 2.72 1.17  
During this course, I discovered faults in what I had previously believed to be right. 2.23 1.03  
Relevance: 7-point Likert26   5.41 1.42 0.90
Teaching students about patient safety should be an important priority in medical students training. 5.47 1.42  
Learning about patient safety issues before I qualify will enable me to become a more effective doctor. 5.36 1.54  

Note: Figures in bold represent aggregated results of each scale

Int J Med Educ. 2018; 9:189-194; doi: 10.5116/ijme.5b39.d5a8